Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.
In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.
Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).
In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.
There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.
In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.
Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).
This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.
Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.
In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.
Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).
In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.
There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.
In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.
Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).
This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.
Secret Chats are one of the service’s additional security features; it allows messages to be sent with client-to-client encryption. This setup means that, unlike regular messages, these secret messages can only be accessed from the device’s that initiated and accepted the chat. Additionally, Telegram notes that secret chats leave no trace on the company’s services and offer a self-destruct timer.
Should You Buy Bitcoin?
In general, many financial experts support their clients’ desire to buy cryptocurrency, but they don’t recommend it unless clients express interest. “The biggest concern for us is if someone wants to invest in crypto and the investment they choose doesn’t do well, and then all of a sudden they can’t send their kids to college,” says Ian Harvey, a certified financial planner (CFP) in New York City. “Then it wasn’t worth the risk.” The speculative nature of cryptocurrency leads some planners to recommend it for clients’ “side” investments. “Some call it a Vegas account,” says Scott Hammel, a CFP in Dallas. “Let’s keep this away from our real long-term perspective, make sure it doesn’t become too large a portion of your portfolio.” In a very real sense, Bitcoin is like a single stock, and advisors wouldn’t recommend putting a sizable part of your portfolio into any one company. At most, planners suggest putting no more than 1% to 10% into Bitcoin if you’re passionate about it. “If it was one stock, you would never allocate any significant portion of your portfolio to it,” Hammel says.
